Kafukufuku wakunja wokhudzana ndi zida zophatikizika zamasitima apamtunda wakhala akuchitika pafupifupi theka lazaka.Ngakhale kukula kwachangu kwa njanji ndi njanji yothamanga kwambiri ku China komanso kugwiritsa ntchito zida zapakhomo m'munda uno zikuyenda bwino, ulusi wokhazikika wazinthu zophatikizika zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pamayendedwe anjanji ndi magalasi ambiri, omwe ndi osiyana ndi Kuphatikizika kwa kaboni fiber composites ku China.Monga tafotokozera m'nkhaniyi, kaboni fiber ndi yocheperapo 10% yazinthu zophatikizika za thupi lopangidwa ndi TPI Composites Company, ndipo zina zonse ndi magalasi, kotero zimatha kulinganiza mtengo ndikuwonetsetsa kuti ndizopepuka.Kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwakukulu kwa kaboni fiber kumabweretsa zovuta zamtengo wapatali, kotero kungagwiritsidwe ntchito pazinthu zina zofunika kwambiri monga ma bogies.
Kwa zaka zoposa 50, Norplex-Micarta, yemwe amapanga makina opangira ma thermosetting, wakhala ndi bizinesi yokhazikika yopangira ntchito zoyendera njanji, kuphatikizapo masitima, mabuleki a njanji yopepuka, komanso kutchinjiriza magetsi pamanjanji amagetsi okwera.Koma masiku ano, msika wa kampaniyo ukukulirakulira kupitilira kagawo kakang'ono kocheperako kukhala ntchito zambiri monga makoma, madenga ndi pansi.
Dustin Davis, mkulu wa chitukuko cha bizinesi ku Norplex-Micarta, akukhulupirira kuti misika ya sitima zapamtunda ndi zina zambiri zidzapereka mwayi kwa kampani yake, komanso opanga zinthu zina ndi ogulitsa, m'zaka zikubwerazi.Pali zifukwa zingapo zomwe zikuyembekezeredwa kukula, chimodzi mwazo ndikutengera ku Europe kwa muyezo wa Moto EN 45545-2, womwe umabweretsa zofunikira zolimba kwambiri zamoto, utsi ndi chitetezo cha gasi (FST) pamayendedwe ambiri.Pogwiritsa ntchito machitidwe a phenolic resin, opanga magulu amatha kuphatikizira zofunikira zotetezera moto ndi utsi muzinthu zawo.
Kuphatikiza apo, oyendetsa mabasi, masitima apamtunda ndi masitima apamtunda ayamba kuzindikira ubwino wa zida zophatikizika pochepetsa kugwedezeka kwaphokoso ndi cacophony."Ngati mudakhalapo panjanji yapansi panthaka ndikumva mbale yachitsulo ikulira," adatero Davis.Ngati gululo lapangidwa ndi zinthu zambiri, limatha kuletsa phokoso ndikupangitsa sitima kukhala yabata."
Kulemera kwa kompositiyi kumapangitsanso kuti ikhale yokopa kwa oyendetsa mabasi omwe akufuna kuchepetsa kugwiritsa ntchito mafuta ndikukulitsa kuchuluka kwake.Mu lipoti la Seputembara 2018, kampani yofufuza zamsika Lucintel idaneneratu kuti msika wapadziko lonse wamagulu ophatikizika omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito pamagalimoto onyamula anthu ambiri komanso magalimoto apamsewu udzakula pachaka ndi 4.6 peresenti pakati pa 2018 ndi 2023, ndi mtengo womwe ungakhale wokwana $ 1 biliyoni pofika 2023. Mwayi ubwera kuchokera kuzinthu zosiyanasiyana, kuphatikiza kunja, mkati, hood ndi zida za powertrain, ndi zida zamagetsi.
Norplex-Micarta tsopano ikupanga magawo atsopano omwe akuyesedwa pano pa njanji zopepuka ku United States.Kuphatikiza apo, kampaniyo ikupitilizabe kuyang'ana kwambiri makina opangira magetsi okhala ndi ulusi wosalekeza ndikuphatikiza ndi makina ochiritsa mwachangu."Mutha kuchepetsa ndalama, kuonjezera kupanga, ndikubweretsa ntchito zonse za FST phenolic kumsika," Davis anafotokoza.Ngakhale zida zophatikizika zimatha kukhala zokwera mtengo kuposa zitsulo zofanana, Davis akuti mtengo sizomwe zimatsimikizira zomwe akuphunzira.
Kuwala komanso koletsa moto
Kukonzanso kwa magalimoto aku Europe oyendetsa njanji a Duetsche Bahn a magalimoto 66 ICE-3 Express ndi amodzi mwa kuthekera kwazinthu zophatikizika kuti akwaniritse zosowa za makasitomala.Makina owongolera mpweya, makina osangalatsa okwera ndi mipando yatsopano adawonjezera kulemera kosafunikira pamagalimoto anjanji a ICE-3.Kuphatikiza apo, pansi poyambira plywood sinakwaniritse miyezo yatsopano yamoto yaku Europe.Kampaniyo inkafunika njira yothetsera pansi kuti ithandize kuchepetsa kulemera kwake komanso kukwaniritsa mfundo zotetezera moto.Kuyika pansi kopepuka kophatikizana ndiko yankho.
Saertex, wopanga nsalu zophatikizika ku Germany, amapereka dongosolo la LEO® pazoyala zake.A Daniel Stumpp, wamkulu wazamalonda wapadziko lonse lapansi ku Saertex Group, adati LEO ndi nsalu yosanjikiza, yopanda chiphuphu yomwe imapereka zida zamakina apamwamba komanso kuthekera kopepuka kuposa nsalu zoluka.Dongosolo la magawo anayi limaphatikizapo zokutira zapadera zosagwira moto, zida zolimbitsidwa ndi fiberglass, SAERfoam® (chinthu chachikulu chokhala ndi 3D-fiberglass Bridges), ndi utomoni wa LEO vinyl ester.
SMT (yomwe ilinso ku Germany), wopanga zinthu zophatikizika, idapanga pansi kudzera munjira yodzaza vacuum pogwiritsa ntchito zikwama zovundikira za silicon zopangidwa ndi Alan Harper, kampani yaku Britain."Tinapulumutsa pafupifupi 50 peresenti ya kulemera kwa plywood yapitayi," adatero Stumpp."Njira ya LEO imachokera ku fiber fiber laminates yosalekeza yokhala ndi utomoni wosadzazidwa ndi makina abwino kwambiri ... pansi panyowa."Pansi, kapeti yapamwamba ndi zinthu za rabara zonse zimakwaniritsa miyezo yatsopano yoletsa moto.
SMT yapanga mapanelo opitilira masikweya 32,000, omwe adayikidwa pafupifupi gawo limodzi mwa magawo atatu mwa masitima asanu ndi atatu a ICE-3 mpaka pano.Panthawi yokonzanso, kukula kwa gulu lirilonse likukonzedwa kuti ligwirizane ndi galimoto inayake.OEM ya ICE-3 sedan idachita chidwi kwambiri ndi malo atsopano opangira pansi kotero kuti yalamula denga lophatikizika kuti lisinthe pang'ono denga lazitsulo zakale zamagalimoto anjanji.
Pitani patsogolo
Proterra, wopanga ku California komanso wopanga mabasi amagetsi a zero-emission, wakhala akugwiritsa ntchito zipangizo zophatikizika m'matupi ake onse kuyambira 2009. Mu 2017, kampaniyo inalemba mbiri poyendetsa 1,100 njira imodzi yokha pa Catalyst yake ya batri. ®E2 basi.Basi imeneyo imakhala ndi thupi lopepuka lopangidwa ndi gulu la TPI Composite.
* Posachedwapa, TPI inathandizana ndi Proterra kupanga basi yamagetsi yophatikizika yonse."M'basi kapena galimoto yanthawi zonse, mumakhala ndi galimoto, ndipo thupi limakhala pamwamba pa galimotoyo," akufotokoza Todd Altman, mkulu wa Strategic Marketing ku TPI.Ndi kamangidwe ka zipolopolo zolimba za basi, tidaphatikizira chassis ndi thupi limodzi, mofanana ndi kapangidwe ka galimoto yonyamula zonse m'modzi." Kapangidwe kamodzi kamakhala kothandiza kwambiri kuposa zomanga ziwiri zosiyana pokwaniritsa zofunikira pakugwirira ntchito.
Thupi la Proterra single-chigoba ndi lopangidwa ndi cholinga, lopangidwa kuchokera pachiyambi kuti likhale galimoto yamagetsi.Ndiko kusiyanitsa kofunikira, adatero Altman, chifukwa zomwe opanga ma automaker ambiri ndi opanga mabasi amagetsi akhala akuyesera kuti asinthe mapangidwe awo akale a injini zoyatsira mkati kukhala zamagalimoto amagetsi."Iwo akutenga nsanja zomwe zilipo ndikuyesera kunyamula mabatire ambiri momwe angathere. Sizipereka njira yabwino yothetsera vuto lililonse.""Altman anatero.
Mabasi ambiri amagetsi, mwachitsanzo, amakhala ndi mabatire kumbuyo kapena pamwamba pa galimoto.Koma kwa Proterra, TPI imatha kuyika batire pansi pa basi."Ngati mukuwonjezera kulemera kwakukulu pamapangidwe a galimotoyo, mukufuna kuti kulemera kwake kukhale kopepuka momwe mungathere, poyang'anira ntchito komanso chitetezo," adatero Altman.Ananenanso kuti ambiri opanga mabasi amagetsi ndi magalimoto tsopano abwereranso kumalo ojambulirako kuti apange mapangidwe abwino kwambiri agalimoto zawo.
TPI yachita mgwirizano wazaka zisanu ndi Proterra kuti ipange mabasi opitilira 3,350 ku malo a TPI ku Iowa ndi Rhode Island.
Muyenera makonda
Kupanga gulu la mabasi a Catalyst kumafuna kuti TPI ndi Proterra nthawi zonse azilinganiza mphamvu ndi zofooka za zida zonse zosiyanasiyana kuti athe kukwaniritsa zolinga zamtengo wapatali pamene akukwaniritsa ntchito yabwino.Altman adawona kuti zomwe TPI idakumana nazo popanga masamba akulu amphepo omwe amakhala pafupifupi mapazi 200 kutalika ndikulemera mapaundi 25,000 zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zosavuta kuti apange mabasi a 40-foot omwe amalemera pakati pa 6,000 ndi 10,000 pounds.
TPI imatha kupeza mphamvu zamapangidwe zomwe zimafunikira posankha kugwiritsa ntchito mpweya wa kaboni ndikuusunga kuti ulimbikitse madera omwe amanyamula katundu wambiri."Timagwiritsa ntchito mpweya wa carbon komwe mungagule galimoto," adatero Altman.Ponseponse, kaboni fiber imapanga zosakwana 10 peresenti ya zinthu zolimbitsa thupi, ndipo zina zonse zimakhala fiberglass.
TPI inasankha vinyl ester resin pazifukwa zofanana."Tikayang'ana ma epoxies, ndiabwino, koma mukawachiritsa, muyenera kukweza kutentha, kotero muyenera kutentha nkhungu. Ndi ndalama zowonjezera, "adapitiriza.
Kampaniyo imagwiritsa ntchito vacuum-assisted resin transfer molding (VARTM) kuti ipange masangweji ophatikizika omwe amapereka kuuma koyenera kwa chipolopolo chimodzi.Panthawi yopangira, zida zina zachitsulo (monga zopangira ulusi ndi mbale za tapping) zimaphatikizidwa m'thupi.Basiyo imagawidwa kumtunda ndi kumunsi, komwe kumamatira pamodzi.Ogwira ntchito ayenera pambuyo pake kuwonjezera zokongoletsera zazing'ono zophatikizika monga ma fairings, koma chiwerengero cha zigawo ndi kachigawo kakang'ono ka basi yachitsulo.
Pambuyo potumiza thupi lomalizidwa ku malo opanga mabasi a Proterra, mzere wopangira umayenda mofulumira chifukwa pali ntchito yochepa yoti ichitidwe."Sayenera kuchita kuwotcherera, kugaya ndi kupanga, ndipo ali ndi mawonekedwe osavuta kwambiri olumikizira thupi ku drivetrain," adawonjezera Altman.Proterra imasunga nthawi ndikuchepetsa kumtunda chifukwa malo ochepa opanga amafunikira chipolopolo cha monocotic.
Altman akukhulupirira kuti kufunikira kwa mabasi ophatikizika kukupitilira kukula pomwe mizinda ikutembenukira ku mabasi amagetsi kuti achepetse kuipitsa ndikuchepetsa mtengo.Malinga ndi Proterra, magalimoto amagetsi a batri ali ndi mtengo wotsikitsitsa kwambiri wogwiritsa ntchito (zaka 12) poyerekeza ndi dizilo, gasi wachilengedwe woponderezedwa kapena mabasi osakanizidwa a dizilo.Izi zitha kukhala chifukwa chimodzi chomwe Proterra akuti kugulitsa mabasi amagetsi oyendetsedwa ndi batire tsopano ndi 10% ya msika wonse wamayendedwe.
Palinso zopinga zina pakugwiritsa ntchito zida zambiri zamabasi amagetsi.Chimodzi ndi kukhazikika kwa zosowa zamakasitomala osiyanasiyana."Aliyense woyendetsa mabasi amakonda kutenga mabasi m'njira yosiyana -- masanjidwe a mipando, kutseguka kwa ma hatch. Ndizovuta kwambiri kwa opanga mabasi, ndipo zambiri mwazosinthazo zitha kupita kwa ife.""Altman adati. "Opanga matupi ophatikizika amafuna kukhala ndi mawonekedwe okhazikika, koma ngati kasitomala aliyense akufuna makonda apamwamba, zimakhala zovuta kuchita izi." TPI ikupitilizabe kugwira ntchito ndi Proterra kupititsa patsogolo mapangidwe a mabasi kuti azitha kuyendetsa bwino. kusinthasintha kofunikira ndi makasitomala omaliza.
Onani zomwe zingatheke
Ma Composites akupitiliza kuyesa ngati zida zake ndizoyenera kugwiritsa ntchito zatsopano zonyamula anthu ambiri.Ku UK, ELG Carbon Fibre, yomwe imagwira ntchito mwaukadaulo wobwezeretsanso ndikugwiritsanso ntchito mpweya wa kaboni, imatsogolera gulu lamakampani omwe akupanga zida zopepuka zopangira ma bogi m'magalimoto onyamula anthu.Bogie imathandizira thupi lagalimoto, imawongolera gudumu ndikusunga bata.Amathandizira kukonza mayendedwe abwino potengera kugwedezeka kwa njanji ndikuchepetsa mphamvu yapakati pomwe sitima ikutembenuka.
Cholinga chimodzi cha polojekitiyi ndi kupanga mabotolo omwe ndi 50 peresenti yopepuka kuposa zitsulo zofananira."Ngati bogie ndi yopepuka, idzawononga pang'ono njanjiyo, ndipo chifukwa katundu panjanjiyo adzakhala wotsika, nthawi yokonza ndi kukonza ndalama zitha kuchepetsedwa," akutero Camille Seurat, injiniya wa chitukuko cha ELG.Zolinga zowonjezera ndikuchepetsa mphamvu zamagalimoto amtundu wa njanji ndi 40% ndikuwunika momwe moyo wawo uliri.Bungwe la UK lopanda phindu la Rail Safety and Standards Board (RSSB) ndi lomwe likupereka ndalama zothandizira ntchitoyi ndi cholinga chopanga chinthu chomwe chingathe kugulitsidwa.
Mayesero ochulukirapo opanga achitidwa ndipo mapanelo angapo oyesera apangidwa pogwiritsa ntchito prepregs kuchokera ku kufa kukanikiza, kuyika konyowa kozolowereka, perfusion ndi autoclave.Chifukwa kupanga ma bogies kungakhale kochepa, kampaniyo idasankha epoxy prepreg yochiritsidwa mu autoclave ngati njira yotsika mtengo kwambiri yomanga.
Chitsanzo cha kukula kwa bogie ndi 8.8 mapazi kutalika, 6.7 mapazi m'lifupi ndi 2.8 mapazi pamwamba.Amapangidwa kuchokera ku kuphatikiza kwa kaboni fiber (pads nonwoven yoperekedwa ndi ELG) ndi nsalu ya carbon fiber yaiwisi.Ulusi wanjira imodzi udzagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chinthu chachikulu champhamvu ndipo udzayikidwa mu nkhungu pogwiritsa ntchito luso la robotic.Epoxy yokhala ndi zida zabwino zamakina idzasankhidwa, yomwe idzakhala epoxy yopangidwa kumene yoyaka moto yomwe yatsimikiziridwa EN45545-2 kuti igwiritsidwe ntchito panjanji.
Mosiyana ndi zitsulo zachitsulo, zomwe zimawotchedwa kuchokera pazitsulo zowongoleredwa kupita ku zitsulo ziwiri zam'mbali, mabokosi ophatikizana amamangidwa ndi nsonga ndi zapansi zosiyana zomwe zimagwirizanitsidwa pamodzi.Kuti m'malo mwa zitsulo zomwe zilipo, mtundu wophatikizika uyenera kuphatikiza mabatani oyimitsidwa ndi ma brake kugwirizana ndi zida zina pamalo omwewo."Pakalipano, tasankha kusunga zitsulo zachitsulo, koma kwa ntchito zina, zingakhale zosangalatsa kusintha zitsulo zazitsulo ndi zopangira zamtundu wamagulu kuti tithe kuchepetsa kulemera komaliza," adatero Seurat.
Mmodzi wa gulu la Sensors ndi Composites Group ku yunivesite ya Birmingham akuyang'anira chitukuko cha sensa, chomwe chidzaphatikizidwa mu bogie yophatikizika pakupanga."Masensa ambiri amayang'ana kwambiri kuyang'anira kupsinjika pamalo owonekera pa bogi, pomwe ena ndi ozindikira kutentha," adatero Seurat.Masensa amalola kuyang'anira nthawi yeniyeni ya kapangidwe kazinthu, kulola kuti deta yolemetsa ya moyo wonse isonkhanitsidwe.Izi zidzakupatsani chidziwitso chamtengo wapatali chokhudza kulemera kwakukulu ndi kutopa kwa nthawi yaitali.
Kafukufuku woyambirira akuwonetsa kuti ma bogies ophatikizika amayenera kukwanitsa kuchepetsa kulemera kwa 50%.Gulu la polojekiti likuyembekeza kukhala ndi bogie yayikulu yokonzekera kuyesedwa pofika pakati pa 2019.Ngati mawonekedwewo achita momwe amayembekezeredwa, apanga ma bogi ambiri kuyesa ma tram opangidwa ndi Alstom, kampani yonyamula njanji.
Malinga ndi Seurat, ngakhale kuti padakali ntchito yambiri yoti ichitike, zizindikiro zoyamba zikusonyeza kuti n’zotheka kumanga bogi yamagulu ochita malonda yomwe ingapikisane ndi zitsulo zachitsulo pamtengo ndi mphamvu."Ndiye ndikuganiza kuti pali zambiri zomwe mungachite komanso zofunsira zopangira ma composites mumakampani anjanji," adawonjezera.(Nkhani yosindikizidwanso kuchokera ku Carbon Fiber ndi Ukadaulo Wake Wophatikiza ndi Dr. Qian Xin).
Nthawi yotumiza: Mar-07-2023